{"id":7928,"date":"2023-10-17T10:24:19","date_gmt":"2023-10-17T08:24:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sanjuandelacruzubeda.com\/san-juan-de-la-cruz\/biografia-san-juan-de-la-cruz\/"},"modified":"2023-12-01T14:03:58","modified_gmt":"2023-12-01T13:03:58","slug":"biography-st-john-of-the-cross","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sanjuandelacruzubeda.com\/en\/st-john-of-the-cross\/biography-st-john-of-the-cross\/","title":{"rendered":"Biography. ST John of the Cross"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Juan de Yepes y \u00c1lvarez was borned in Fontiveros (\u00c1vila) in 1542 and died in \u00dabeda (Ja\u00e9n) on 14th December 1591. He lived in a time period widely known as the Spanish Golden Age, which was a time of sharp contrasts. While Philip II held “the empire on which the sun never sets” (Spain, Portugal, German Empire, Netherlands, Naples, Milan, Philippines, America, and African Colonies), popular revolts shook the Peninsula. The people were against the Empire’s drain of both money and men. Especially in Castile, Aragon and the Levante, they protested against these imperial measures that \u2014they said\u2014 only aimed to conquer the Americas, to fight France and England, and to contribute to the European wars of religion. Also while Cervantes and Lope de Vega were writing their major papers, most of the population was still illiterate. It was a time when amazing palaces, cathedrals and monasteries, all together with some of the most characteristic Renaissance works, coexisted with poor harvest, famine and epidemic that caused the death of the weakest.<\/p>\n

St John of the Cross learned what misfortune was since he was a child. He witnessed his father and brother’s death \u2014both caused by starvation. He had to emigrate, beg for money, and serve at a hospital of contagious patients. He even worked as an apprentice in several craft workshops. When he later assumed responsibility charges in the Carmelite Order, he would himself take care of the ill people, design the floors of monasteries, build partition walls, paint walls, grow vegetables in the garden, and do any other kind of handwork. That was a time when those activities were considered incompatible with the intellectual and governing occupations, for they were dishonourable. St John of the Cross voluntarily assumed the evangelic poorness as a way to express the renouncement and the detachment of material things. Nonetheless, he did not allow the friars to go beg for money in the street, and always did his best to meet his needs (food, clothing), especially for those who were ill.<\/p>\n

St John of the Cross’ misfortunate condition paradoxically allowed him to start an intellectual training at a college for poor children in Medina del Campo. There he rapidly learned how to read and write. This allowed him to attend classes on Humanities (Grammar, Rhetoric, Philosophy) at a new Jesuit college in the city. His teachers were some of the first \u2014and most prepared\u2014 colleagues of Ignatius of Loyola. They introduced him to the world of classic authors and contemporary Italian literature, as well as to poetry. He learned how to use language resources in order to transfer knowledge.<\/p>\n

The “Hospital de la Concepci\u00f3n” administrator proposed him to be ordained to become a priest. It seems that the Jesuits wanted him in their order. But he was keener on a praying life so he chose the Carmelite Order, to which he got access under the name of John of St Matthias when he was 23. During the novitiate he received an intense spiritual training bound to approach him of the traditions and legislations of the Order of Our Lady, founded by a community of hermits on the isolated Mount Carmel. The first page of the Constitutions started with a question: “How can we answer when and how our Order was created?” And the answer was: “Witnessing the Truth of God, we say that since Elijah and Elisha, his disciple, who piously dwelled in the Mount Carmel, near Acre, a lot of saint Fathers, of the Ancient and the New Testament, esteemed living isolated in this same mountain to contemplate the celestial things\u2026 There they built an oratory in honour of the Mother of the Savior.” The Book of the First Monks was a compulsory reading task, which by that time was considered older than the Carmelite Rule of St Albert. The first one proposes “the end of our eremitical religious life”, this is “to offer God a pure and holy heart (\u2026) and to see mystically in the heart something of the power of the divine presence and to taste the sweetness of heavenly glory.”<\/p>\n

From 1564 to 1568 he was sent to the University of Salamanca \u2014a splendorous university at the time. There it was possible to study Arts (Philosophy, Logic, Moral), Oriental Languages (Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic), Theology, Law and Medicine. The best teachers of the century were there: Francisco de Vitoria, Luis de Le\u00f3n, and Melchior Cano. St John of the Cross extended his studies every day at the monastery, for he was surrounded with the teachers of the Order. He soon came up to be an advantageous student, and he was even entitled prefect \u2014he had to prepare disputes (public discussions about a given subject in which one had to defend his position against an opponent’s objections). By that time he suffered from a vocational crisis, which has not been uncommon in the Order for the last centuries. Whereas the Brothers have been prepared during the novitiate to have a life of praying and retirement, they must read and hear texts that make them think of the hermits of Mount Carmel. Yet the Carmel is a mendicant order, which is involved in the urban ministry. Fray John himself was always busy in activities for the common good, but which differed with his contemplative vocation. After reflecting on this, he decided to leave for the Charterhouse.<\/p>\n

By then, he encountered Teresa of \u00c1vila, who Felipe Sega described as “a restless disobedient and obstinate woman that devotedly make up bad doctrines against the Council of Trent and the prelates; that teaches against Saint Paul’s word on women teaching; and that walk out of the monastery”. St Teresa was already 52 years old and had already founded a monastery in Medina del Campo and another one in \u00c1vila. St John of the Cross was only 25 years old, and was to celebrate his first mass in Salamanca. On one occasion when they were in the parlour, he told Teresa of \u00c1vila his wish to go to the Charterhouse. She answered back: “Why do thou search outside what thou can find in your own Order?” And he invited him to join her for a foundation adventure; since then they got to be very close to each other. He agreed, provided they started right away. He changed his name for St John of the Cross, and became the first of the Discalced Carmelites.<\/p>\n

He found the answer for his contemplative needs at the Discalced Carmel. He also could combine constant praying, handwork, simple brother life and an intense apostolic activity. This last one is nowadays called the spiritual and pastoral care, which consists of: preaching God’s Word; religious men and women training; spiritual management of clergymen and lay people; and prolific teaching writings of spiritual maxims (letters, commentaries on his poetry, etc). He walked through Spain and Portugal spreading his teaching practice, and bringing contemplation to life, and life to contemplation.<\/p>\n

He was misunderstood, mistreated, persecuted, and imprisoned. However, you will not find any sign of bitterness or resentment in his writing legacy. He intimately got to know God, and then he found all he could ever wish. More than 400 years after his death, he is still a lighthouse that lights our way. I propose you read some lines of his writings: “You will not take from me, my God, what You once gave me in Your only son, Jesus Christ, in Whom You gave me all I desire. Hence I rejoice that if I wait for You, You will not delay. With what procrastinations do you wait, since from this very moment you can love God in your heart? Mine are the heavens and mine is the earth. Mine are the nations, the just are mine, and mine the sinners. The angels are mine, and the Mother of God, and all things are mine; and God Himself is mine and for me, because Christ is mine and all for me. What do you ask, then, and seek, my soul? Yours is all of this, and all is for you. Do not engage yourself in something less, nor pay heed to the crumbs which fall from your Father’s table. Go forth and exult in your Glory! Hide yourself in It and rejoice, and you will obtain the supplications of your heart.”<\/p>\n

(Father Eduardo Sanz, O.C.D.)<\/p>\n

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Juan de Yepes y \u00c1lvarez was borned in Fontiveros (\u00c1vila) in 1542 and died in \u00dabeda (Ja\u00e9n) on 14th December 1591. He lived in a time period widely known as the Spanish Golden Age, which was a time of sharp contrasts. While Philip II held “the empire on which the sun never sets” (Spain, Portugal, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7560,"parent":7917,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"

\"sanjuandelacruz\"Juan de Yepes naci\u00f3 en Fontiveros (\u00c1vila) en 1542 y muri\u00f3 en \u00dabeda (Ja\u00e9n) el 14 de Diciembre de 1591. Su vida transcurri\u00f3 en pleno siglo de oro espa\u00f1ol. Le toc\u00f3 vivir una \u00e9poca de fuertes contrastes: Aunque en los dominios del Emperador Felipe II nunca se pon\u00eda el sol (Espa\u00f1a y Portugal, Imperio Alem\u00e1n, Flandes, N\u00e1poles, Mil\u00e1n, Filipinas, Am\u00e9rica, Colonias Africanas), en Castilla, Arag\u00f3n y en el Levante se suced\u00edan las revueltas populares para protestar contra la sangr\u00eda de hombres y dinero que se necesitaban para mantener los ej\u00e9rcitos que participaban en las conquistas americanas, en los enfrentamientos con Francia y con Inglaterra, en las guerras de religi\u00f3n en toda Europa. Mientras Miguel de Cervantes y Lope de Vega escrib\u00edan sus mejores p\u00e1ginas, la gran mayor\u00eda de la poblaci\u00f3n era analfabeta. Al mismo tiempo en que Espa\u00f1a se llenaba de impresionantes palacios, catedrales y monasterios y se realizaban algunas de las obras m\u00e1s emblem\u00e1ticas del Renacimiento, las malas cosechas, epidemias y hambrunas cercenaban las vidas de los m\u00e1s d\u00e9biles.<\/p>

Nuestro Santo conoci\u00f3 la miseria desde su infancia. Fue testigo de la muerte de su padre y de su hermano a causa del hambre. Tuvo que emigrar, mendigar y servir en un hospital de enfermos contagiosos desde ni\u00f1o. Incluso trabaj\u00f3 como aprendiz en distintos talleres artesanos. Posteriormente, cuando asuma cargos de responsabilidad en el Carmelo Descalzo, lo encontraremos cuidando personalmente de los enfermos, dise\u00f1ando las plantas de los conventos, levantando tabiques, pintando muros, cultivando la huerta y realizando todo tipo de trabajos manuales. Algo impensable en una \u00e9poca en la que estas ocupaciones se consideraban incompatibles con las actividades intelectuales o de gobierno, por deshonrosas. Asumi\u00f3 voluntariamente la pobreza evang\u00e9lica como expresi\u00f3n de renuncia y desasimiento de todo lo material, como fuente de libertad interior. Sin embargo, no permiti\u00f3 que sus frailes salieran a pedir por las calles y siempre procur\u00f3 que tuvieran lo necesario para cubrir sus necesidades (alimentaci\u00f3n, vestido), especialmente los enfermos.<\/p>

Parad\u00f3jicamente, su condici\u00f3n de pobre de solemnidad le abri\u00f3 la posibilidad de recibir una inicial formaci\u00f3n intelectual en el colegio de los \u00abdoctrinos\u00bb para ni\u00f1os pobres de Medina del Campo. All\u00ed \u00abaprendi\u00f3 muy deprisa a leer y escribir bien\u00bb. Esto le capacit\u00f3 para asistir a las clases de humanidades (gram\u00e1tica, ret\u00f3rica y filosof\u00eda) que impart\u00edan los Jesuitas en el Colegio que acababan de abrir en la ciudad. Sus profesores fueron algunos de los primeros y mejor preparados compa\u00f1eros de S. Ignacio y le introdujeron en el mundo de los autores cl\u00e1sicos y de la literatura italiana contempor\u00e1nea, de la poes\u00eda culta y de la popular. Le ense\u00f1aron a usar de todos los resortes de la lengua para transmitir su pensamiento.<\/p>

El administrador del Hospital de la Concepci\u00f3n le propone que se ordene para convertirle en Capell\u00e1n de la instituci\u00f3n. Parece ser que los Jesuitas tambi\u00e9n intentan reclutarle en sus filas. Pero \u00e9l se siente inclinado hacia una profunda vida de oraci\u00f3n y decide hacerse religioso Carmelita con el nombre de Juan de Santo Mat\u00eda. Contaba 23 a\u00f1os. En el Noviciado recibe una intensa formaci\u00f3n espiritual, con un acercamiento a las tradiciones y a la legislaci\u00f3n de esta Orden de Nuestra Se\u00f1ora, fundada por un grupo de ermita\u00f1os en la soledad del Monte Carmelo. La primera p\u00e1gina de las Constituciones se abr\u00eda con esta pregunta: \u00ab\u00bfC\u00f3mo contestar a los que preguntan cu\u00e1ndo y de qu\u00e9 manera naci\u00f3 nuestra Orden? Y \u00bfpor qu\u00e9 nos llamamos Hermanos de la Bienaventurada Virgen Mar\u00eda del Monte Carmelo?\u00bb. Y respond\u00eda: \u00abDecimos en testimonio de la verdad, que desde el tiempo de El\u00edas y Eliseo, su disc\u00edpulo, que habitaron piadosamente en el Monte Carmelo, cerca de Acre, muchos santos padres, tanto del Antiguo como del Nuevo Testamento, gustaron vivir en la soledad de esta misma monta\u00f1a para contemplar las cosas celestiales... All\u00ed construyeron un oratorio en honor de la Madre del Salvador\u00bb. Una lectura obligada era el Libro de la Instituci\u00f3n de los primeros Monjes, por entonces considerado anterior a la redacci\u00f3n de la Regla de S. Alberto. En \u00e9l se propone \u00abel fin de nuestra vida religiosa erem\u00edtica\u00bb, que es \u00abofrecer a Dios un coraz\u00f3n santo y puro... y experimentar en el alma la virtud de la presencia divina y de la dulzura de la gloria soberana\u00bb.<\/p>

De 1564 a 1568 es enviado a la Universidad de Salamanca, que se encuentra en su momento m\u00e1s esplendoroso. All\u00ed ense\u00f1an Artes (Filosof\u00eda, L\u00f3gica y Moral), Lenguas Orientales (hebreo, arameo y \u00e1rabe), Teolog\u00eda, Derecho y Medicina los m\u00e1s famosos profesores del momento: Francisco de Vitoria, Fray Luis de Le\u00f3n, Melchor Cano, etc. Complementa las clases recibidas en la Universidad con las que impart\u00edan otros maestros de su Orden en la casa. Se demuestra un alumno muy aventajado y es nombrado prefecto de estudiantes, con la obligaci\u00f3n de preparar disputas (discusiones p\u00fablicas sobre un tema que se deb\u00eda defender con argumentos s\u00f3lidos frente a las objeciones de un contrincante). En estos a\u00f1os va a sufrir una crisis vocacional por la que han atravesado muchos hermanos de su Orden a lo largo de los siglos. Han sido preparados en el noviciado para llevar una vida de oraci\u00f3n y retiro, deben leer y escuchar en sus comunidades textos que les recuerdan los or\u00edgenes ermita\u00f1os del Carmelo... Y sin embargo, el Carmelo es de hecho una Orden mendicante, comprometida en el apostolado urbano. El mismo Fray Juan se encuentra ocupado en m\u00faltiples actividades, todas ellas buenas, pero distintas de su original vocaci\u00f3n contemplativa. Despu\u00e9s de pensarlo detenidamente, decide irse a la Cartuja.<\/p>

\"stateresa\"Por entonces se cruza en su vida Teresa de Jes\u00fas, la que fue denominada en tono despectivo por el nuncio Felipe Sega \u00abF\u00e9mina inquieta y andariega, desobediente y contumaz, que a t\u00edtulo de devoci\u00f3n inventa malas doctrinas, andando fuera de clausura, contra la orden del Concilio Tridentino y de los Prelados, ense\u00f1ando como maestra contra lo que S. Pablo ense\u00f1\u00f3 mandando que las mujeres no ense\u00f1asen\u00bb. La Santa tiene ya 52 a\u00f1os y se hab\u00eda trasladado a Medina del Campo para realizar su primera fundaci\u00f3n, despu\u00e9s del convento de S. Jos\u00e9 de \u00c1vila. El Santo cuenta s\u00f3lo con 25 a\u00f1os, y se ha desplazado desde Salamanca para cantar su primera Misa. En el locutorio, le coment\u00f3 a la Madre Fundadora su deseo de irse a la Cartuja, buscando una entrega m\u00e1s generosa al Se\u00f1or. Ella le contest\u00f3: \u00ab\u00bfPara qu\u00e9 quiere ir a buscar fuera lo que puede encontrar en su propia Orden?\u00bb. Y le invit\u00f3 a unirse a su aventura fundacional. A \u00e9l le pareci\u00f3 bien, \u00abcon tal de que se hiciera presto\u00bb. Cambi\u00f3 su nombre por el de Fray Juan de la Cruz y se convirti\u00f3 en el primero de los frailes descalzos y en una de las personas con las que m\u00e1s intim\u00f3 Santa Teresa.<\/p>

En el Carmelo Descalzo encontr\u00f3 respuesta a sus ansias contemplativas y pudo conjugar la oraci\u00f3n constante, el trabajo manual en soledad, la vida fraterna en sencillez y la intensa actividad apost\u00f3lica en lo que hoy llamamos Pastoral de la Espiritualidad: Predicaci\u00f3n de la Palabra de Dios, formaci\u00f3n de religiosos y religiosas, direcci\u00f3n espiritual de cl\u00e9rigos y laicos, as\u00ed como un fecundo magisterio escrito por medio de sentencias espirituales escritas en billetes individuales, cartas y comentarios en prosa a sus poes\u00edas. Recorri\u00f3 todos los caminos de Espa\u00f1a y Portugal ejercitando su ministerio, llevando la contemplaci\u00f3n a la vida y la vida a la contemplaci\u00f3n.<\/p>

Fue incomprendido, perseguido, encarcelado y maltratado. Sin embargo, no encontramos en sus obras rastro de amargura ni de resentimiento. Supo unirse \u00edntimamente a Cristo y en \u00e9l encontr\u00f3 todo lo que pod\u00eda desear. M\u00e1s de 400 a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s de su muerte, sigue siendo un faro que ilumina nuestro caminar. Os propongo la lectura de un p\u00e1rrafo de sus escritos: \u00abNo me quitar\u00e1s, Dios m\u00edo, lo que una vez me diste en tu amado Hijo Jesucristo, en quien me diste todo lo que quiero. Por eso me gozar\u00e9 de que no te tardar\u00e1s si yo me espero. M\u00edos son los cielos y m\u00eda es la tierra; m\u00edas son las gentes, los justos son m\u00edos y m\u00edos los pecadores; los \u00e1ngeles son m\u00edos, y la Madre de Dios es m\u00eda y todas las cosas son m\u00edas, y el mismo Dios es m\u00edo y para m\u00ed, porque Cristo es m\u00edo y todo para m\u00ed. Pues, \u00bfQu\u00e9 pides y buscas, alma m\u00eda? Tuyo es todo esto y todo es para ti. No te pongas en menos ni te conformes con las migajas que caen de la mesa de tu Padre. Sal fuera y glor\u00edate de tu gloria, esc\u00f3ndete en ella y goza, y alcanzar\u00e1s las peticiones de tu coraz\u00f3n\u00bb. (Dichos de Luz y Amor, 26).<\/p>

(P. Eduardo Sanz, ocd)<\/p>","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7928","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nBiography. ST John of the Cross - Museo, Casa de espiritualidad y toda la informaci\u00f3n y escritos de - San Juan de la Cruz. \u00dabeda.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sanjuandelacruzubeda.com\/en\/st-john-of-the-cross\/biography-st-john-of-the-cross\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Biography. 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ST John of the Cross - Museo, Casa de espiritualidad y toda la informaci\u00f3n y escritos de - San Juan de la Cruz. \u00dabeda.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.sanjuandelacruzubeda.com\/en\/st-john-of-the-cross\/biography-st-john-of-the-cross\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Biography. ST John of the Cross - Museo, Casa de espiritualidad y toda la informaci\u00f3n y escritos de - San Juan de la Cruz. \u00dabeda.","og_description":"Juan de Yepes y \u00c1lvarez was borned in Fontiveros (\u00c1vila) in 1542 and died in \u00dabeda (Ja\u00e9n) on 14th December 1591. He lived in a time period widely known as the Spanish Golden Age, which was a time of sharp contrasts. 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